- The violence of racism: Black children experience harsher punishment and treatment than their White counterparts in all public spheres (education, mental health care, criminal justice system, social care) (see David Lammy’s 2017 Report)
- The violence of poverty: Black children and young people do not have equal access with their White peers to opportunities in multiracial societies because of racism and historical financial legacies.
- The violence of epistemic superiority (this is the notion that White Europeans have the solutions to others’ problems, so there is little interest in Black parents’ interpretations of their own challenges). Scant research evidence and literature on this subject indicates researchers and research funders pay little attention to the views of Black children and parents.